摘 要
启东方言属于吴语太湖片，受地理历史等因素的影响，吴语留存了较多的古音和古字，与普通话的差异最明显的表现在语法结构上，有成千上万个特有词汇和许多特征本字。代词的演变和发展进化在一定程度上揭示了语法规律，作为一个容易受地域影响的词类，方言代词能比较鲜明清晰地反映地域特色。本文从启东方言的代词系统入手研究来展示启东方言的特点，主要从人称代词、指示代词和疑问代词三个方面来分析各自的用法以及语法特点。在人称代词方面，主要从单复数两个方面叙述；在指示代词方面， 分为单纯指示词和复合指示词以及其他表示不同含义的指示词；在疑问代词方面，以所代词性的不同进行分类，主要有代名词、代谓词、代数词和代副词等。每一部分分析对象皆为普通话所对应的方言词，且具有独特性。
关键词：启东方言；代词系统；语法特点
A Study on the Pronouns in Qidong Dialect
ABSTRACT
Qidong dialect belongs to Wu language Taihu film.Influenced by geographical history and other factors,Wu retained more ancient and ancient words.The difference between Mandarin and the most obvious manifestation in the grammatical structure,there are tens of thousands of unique vocabulary and many features of the word.The evolution of pronouns and the development of pronouns reveal the grammatical law to a certain extent.As a kind of pronouns which are susceptible to geographical influence,dialect pronouns can reflect the geographical features clearly.This paper starts from the study of the pronoun system of Qidong dialect to show the characteristics of Qidong dialect,mainly from the personal pronouns,instruction pronouns and interrogative pronouns to analyze their usage and characteristics.In the aspect of the pronouns,it is divided into two parts: single and plural words.In terms of the pronouns,it is divided into simple words and compound directives and other directives that express different meanings.In the case of interrogative pronouns,there are synonym,generation of predicates,algebraic words,and alternate adverb.Each part of the analysis of the object is the corresponding dialect of Mandarin,and has a unique.
Key words：Qidong Dialect；pronoun system；grammatical features
目 录
前言 ........................................................................... - 1 -
1 | 启东概况 .................................................................... | - 3 | - |
1.1 启东地理信息........................................................... | - 3 | - | |
1.2 启东方言情况........................................................... | - 3 | - | |
2 | 人称代词 .................................................................... | - 6 | - |
2.1 人称代词的单数形式..................................................... | - 6 | - | |
2.2 人称代词的复数形式..................................................... | - 6 | - | |
2.3 其他人称代词........................................................... | - 6 | - | |
2.4 人称代词语法特点....................................................... | - 7 | - | |
3 | 指示代词 .................................................................... | - 8 | - |
3.1 单纯指示词............................................................. | - 8 | - | |
3.2 复合指示词............................................................. | - 9 | - | |
3.3 表示处所的指示词...................................................... | - 10 | - | |
3.4 表示时间的指示词...................................................... | - 10 | - | |
3.5 表示程度的指示词...................................................... | - 11 | - | |
3.6 表示方式的指示词...................................................... | - 11 | - | |
3.7 指示代词语法特点...................................................... | - 12 | - | |
3.7.1 指示词后加名词.................................................. | - 12 | - | |
3.7.2 指示词后加量词(不出现名词)...................................... | - 13 | - | |
3.7.3 指示词单用...................................................... | - 13 | - | |
3.7.4 指示词 动词或形容词............................................. | - 14 | - | |
4 | 疑问代词 ................................................................... | - 15 | - |
4.1 代名类疑问代词........................................................ | - 15 | - | |
4.2 代谓类疑问代词........................................................ | - 16 | - | |
4.2.1 “[nan214]” ..................................................... | - 16 | - | |
4.2.2 “[nan214]话” ................................................... | - 17 | - | |
4.2.3 “[nan214]能” ................................................... | - 17 | - | |
4.3 代数类疑问代词........................................................ | - 17 | - |
4.4 代副类疑问代词........................................................ - | 17 | - |
4.5 疑问代词语法特点...................................................... - | 18 | - |
结语 .......................................................................... - | 19 | - |
致 谢 ........................................................................ - | 20 | - |
参考文献 ...................................................................... - | 21 | - |
前言
语言学界对代词的研究和讨论的著述和论文不少，随着语言学理论和方法的更新，人们对代词的研究也更加深入。但是要想进行更全面、更深层次的讨论， 就必须对代词的研究现状有足够的了解，对代词的分类各家也有不一样的说法。马建忠在《马氏文通》中把代词分成四类，直至今日，学界对代词的分类仍因袭了这一体系；吕叔湘则沿用了一般的三分法分类：即人称代词、指示代词、疑问代词；而王力最早把代词分成七类，根据代词的作用和指代事物的功用分类，这一点给后来者很大的启发。目前最为通用的分类还是三分法：即人称代词、指示代词、疑问代词，这种分法是根据代词的不同作用——替代作用、指示作用、询问作用来进行分类的，具有相对的合理性和标准的一致性，比较简明，并且为语法界普遍接受认可。
单独看现代汉语的代词系统或者某种方言的研究，学界的成果都比较多，但涉及到两者融合的方言代词时，因方言的复杂性和不统一性，研究对象往往会集中在几种具有代表性的方言上。比如吴语研究经常会以上海方言和苏州方言这两大标志性吴语方言为研究内容，再加上北部吴语内部通话程度高，各方言小片共通性强，研究者通常能总结出几条通行于北部吴语区的语言规律。
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