摘 要

ABSTRACT 2

1 近代“乡土小说“概念及鲁迅、沈从文代表的两个流派 1

• 1. 近代“乡土小说“概念 1
  2. 鲁迅和沈从文代表的乡土小说流派 1

2 鲁迅的“现实”与沈从文的“浪漫” 4

• 1. 鲁迅乡土小说中的“现实” 4
  2. 沈从文乡土小说中的“浪漫” 5
  3. 鲁迅的“现实”与沈从文的“浪漫”的比较 5
     1. 人物塑造的“现实”与“浪漫” 5
     2. 环境描写的“现实”与“浪漫” 7
     3. 抒情方式的“现实”与“浪漫 8

3 鲁迅写作中的“现实”与沈从文写作中的“浪漫”溯源 10

• 1. 教育背景 10
  2. 时代背景 11

结论 12

参考文献 13

致谢 14

中文摘要

在二三十年代的中国文坛，鲁迅和沈从文是两种截然不同的乡土小说流派的杰出代表，他们对中国后世的乡土小说创作都有着举足轻重的影响。鲁迅是开创中国乡土小说的先锋作家，为乡土小说的发展打下了坚实的基础，他的乡土小说直接引领了二十年代乡土文学创作的潮流。沈从文的乡土小说风格与鲁迅大不相同，沈从文的乡土小说相比鲁迅的乡土小说，少了对现实的强烈批判和揭露残酷的真实性，反而多了一份怀念乡土的温和抒情，沈从文在他的乡土小说作品中表现出的对湘西世界的深切怀念，为中国现当代的乡土小说开辟了一条抒情之路。

两位大师的乡土小说对中国乡土的描写完全是从两个不同的视角出发，解读中国的乡土文化。他们都以自己独特的写作方式对乡土中的“人”作出了深刻的思考与探索，但是由于两位大师的生活经历和对文学的审美追求不同，所以在他们的乡土小说中对乡土的意义归趋也有所不同。鲁迅的乡土小说注重刻画现实，展现在封建礼教的压迫下底层民众在精神上麻木与冷漠、揭露封建社会的黑暗。“关注人生”、“唤醒麻木的人性”和“引起疗救”都是他写下这些小说的目的。而沈从文的乡土小说善于构建梦境，他作品中的乡土世界如梦境般美好，笔下描绘的是未被破坏的优美的环境、淳朴的人性，他以“乡下人”的眼光，一边窥探和不满现实社会，一边缅怀着过去的湘西边城生活，沉浸在自己创作出来的诗意盎然的美梦中。

关键词：乡土小说；鲁迅；沈从文；比较

ABSTRACT

in the 1920s and 1930s in China, lu xun and shen congwen were outstanding representatives of two different schools of local novels, and they had a decisive influence on the creation of local novels in later generations of China. Lu xun was not only the pioneer of Chinese vernacular novels, but also laid a solid foundation for them. Lu xun's vernacular novels directly led the trend of vernacular literature creation in the 1920s. Shen cong-wen's native novel style was very different from lu xun, shen cong-wen's lu xun's country novels relatively less intense criticism of reality and cruel reality, but more of a romantic lyric nostalgia, shen cong-wen's vernacular novels showed the deep miss of xiangxi world, for the Chinese modern and contemporary rural novels opened up a different path. The description of China's rural culture by the two masters is completely from two different perspectives. Both of them have made profound thoughts and explorations on the "people" in the countryside with their unique writing styles. However, due to the different life experiences and pursuit of literature of the two masters, the meanings of the rural areas in their novels are also different. Lu xun's local novels focus on depicting the reality, showing the numbness and indifference of human nature under the oppression of feudal ethics, and exposing the darkness of society. He wrote these novels for the purpose of "paying attention to life", "awakening the numbness of human nature" and "causing cure". Shen congwen's local novels tend to be dreamland, where everything is as beautiful as a dream. What he describes in his works is the beautiful unspoiled environment and the simple human nature. In his novels, shen congwen always takes the perspective of a "peasant", prying into the present social life while reminiscing about the past xiangxi border city, immersed in his poetic dream.

Keywords: rural novels; Lu xun; Shen congwen; To compa

1 近代“乡土小说“概念及鲁迅、沈从文代表的两

个流派

近代“乡土小说“概念

在乡土小说出现之前，文坛上到处充斥着身处动荡社会中的知识青年描写自我，表述内心迷茫的自我小说和为社会开药方的问题小说。乡土小说的出现，将人们的视野由自身转向广阔的农村，这是对五四新文学题材及主题上的一个重大突破。中国以乡土为题材的文学创作其实出现得很早，早在魏晋时期就已经出现了不满官场污浊，弃官隐居，歌颂田园生活的陶渊明。但是中国的乡土小说是直到二十世纪二十年代才由鲁迅先生正式开创，鲁迅是中国白话小说的先锋，也是中国乡土小说第一人，他不仅仅开创了中国乡土小说题材的写作，而且乡土小说在他的手中也达到了第一个高峰，直接带动了一批作家关注并参与乡土小说的写作。